RAC
1. What is Thread Merge Recovery
Changes from multiple instances may not be written into datafiles, so redo logs from multiple threads are merged when crash recovery happens in RAC called Thread Merge Recovery.
ASM
1) What is ASM?
Automatic storage Management (ASM) is a new type of filesystem which was introduced with Oracle 10g. ASM is recommended filesystem for RAC and Single instance ASM for storing database files. This provides direct I/O to the file and performance is comparable with that provided by RAW Devices. Oracle creates a separate instance for this purpose.
2) How do we identify if we are connected to Normal Instance or ASM instance?
SQL> sho parameter instance_type
3) What are Diskgroup’s and Failuregroups?
Diskgroup is a terminology used for logical structure which holds the database files. Each Diskgroup consists of Disks/Raw devices where the files are actually stored. Any ASM file is completely contained within a single disk group. However, a disk group might contain files belonging to several databases and a single database can use files from multiple disk groups.
Failuregroups are used when using Normal/High Redundancy. They contain the mirrored ASM extents and must be containing different disks and preferably on separate disk controller.
4)Can ASM be used as replacement for RAID?
ASM is supposed to stripe the data and also mirror the data (if Using Normal, High Redundancy). So this can be used as a alternative for RAID 0+1 solutions
5) How does ASM provides Redundancy?
When you create a disk group, you specify an ASM disk group type based on one of the following three redundancy levels:
- Normal for 2-way mirroring – When ASM allocates an extent for a normal redundancy file, ASM allocates a primary copy and a secondary copy. ASM chooses the disk on which to store the secondary copy in a different failure group other than the primary copy.
- High for 3-way mirroring. In this case the extent is mirrored across 3 disks.
- External to not use ASM mirroring. This is used if you are using Third party Redundancy mechanism like RAID, Storage arrays.
6) Can we change the Redundancy for Diskgroup after its creation.
No, we cannot modify the redundancy for Diskgroup once it has been created. To alter it we will be required to create a new Diskgroup and move the files to it. This can also be done by restoring full backup on the new Diskgroup. Following metalink note describes the steps
Note.438580.1 – How To Move The Database To Different Diskgroup (Change Diskgroup Redundancy)
7) I am unable to open the ASM instance. What is the reason?
ASM instance does not have open stage. It has got only two options
- Nomount- This starts the ASM instance
- Mount- At this stage, Diskgroup defined in ASM_DISKGROUPS parameter are mounted
When you try to open the ASM instance , you get following error
alter database open * ERROR at line 1: ORA-15000: command disallowed by current instance type
8)Can ASM instance and database (rdbms) be on different servers?
ASM instance and Database (rdbms) have to be present on same server. Otherwise it will not work.
9)Can we see the files stored in the ASM instance using standard unix commands.
No, you cannot see the files using standard unix commands like ls. You need to use utility called asmcmd to do this. This is present in 10.2 and above.e.g
/home/oracle>asmcmd
Asmcmd>
0) What kind of files can be stored on ASM Diskgroup.
You can store the following file types in ASM disk groups:
- Control files
- Datafiles, temporary datafiles, and datafile copies
- SPFILEs
- Online redo logs, archive logs, and Flashback logs
- RMAN backups
- Disaster recovery configurations
- Change tracking bitmaps
- Data Pump dumpsets
Note: Oracle executables and ASCII files, such as alert logs and trace files, cannot be stored in ASM disk groups.
11)Can we use ASM for storing Voting Disk/OCR in a RAC instance?
Yes from 11gr2 onwards.
12)Does ASM instance automatically rebalances and takes care of hot spots?
No. This is a myth and ASM does not do it. It will initiate automatic rebalance only when a new disk is added to Diskgroup or we drop a disk from existing Diskgroup.
13) What is ASMLIB?
ASMLIB is the support library for the ASM. ASMLIB allows an Oracle database using ASM more efficient and capable access to diskgroups. The purpose of ASMLIB, is to provide an alternative interface to identify and access block devices. Additionally, the ASMLIB API enables storage and operating system vendors to supply extended storage-related features. You can read more about ASMLIB in
Note: 359266.1 – FAQ ASMLIB CONFIGURE, VERIFY, TROUBLESHOOT
ASMLIB for linux can be downloaded from following link
http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/linux/asmlib/index.html
14) What is SYSASM role?
Starting from Oracle 11g, SYSASM role can be used to administer the ASM instances. You can continue using SYSDBA role to connect to ASM but it will generate following warning messages at time of startup/shutdown, create Diskgroup/add disk ,etc
15) How can we copy the files from/to ASM?
You can use RMAN or DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER.COPY_FILE procedure to copy the files to/from ASM from/to Filesystem. Starting from Oracle 11g, you can use cp command in asmcmd to perform the same between ASM Diskgroups and also to OS Filesystem.
16) Can we use BCV to clone the ASM Diskgroup on same host?
Diskgroup Cloning is not supported on the same host using BCV. You have no other option to use except RMAN DUPLICATE. You can find more detail on BCV and ASM in below whitepaper
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/asm/pdf/asm-on-emc-5_3.pdf
17) Can we edit the ASM Disk header to change the Diskgroup Name?
No. This cannot be done. Please find details in
http://askdba.org/weblog/?p=128
18) Whats is Kfed?
kfed is a utility which can be used to view the ASM Disk information. Syntax for using it is
kfed read devicename
Read more about kfed here.
19) Can we use block devices for ASM Disks?
Yes. Starting from Oracle Database 10.2 block devices can be used directly for ASM Disks in Linux. This is not true for other Unix based systems where block devices are not supported yet.
Along with this it is recommended to use a Device mapping functionality so that disk mapping is preserved after disk failure. This is important when you have devices as /dev/sda,/dev/sdb,/dev/sdc and due to some reason the devices are not detected at next reboot (say /dev/sdb), the system will map the incorrect device (i.e /dev/sdc will be marked as /dev/sdb). You can use following methods for preserving disk names
-udev – the role of udev is to provide device persistency and naming consistency.This is especially important for the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) and Voting disks required by Oracle Clusterware.
–ASMLIB – ASMLIB will provide device management specifically for ASM disk devices.
Refer to following Whitepaper for more details
http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/asm/pdf/device-mapper-udev-crs-asm%20rh4.pdf
20)Is it mandatory to use disks of same size and characteristics for Diskgroups?
No, it is not mandatory to use the disks of same size and characteristics for Diskgroups though it is a Recommended Practice.
Same size disk for Failuregroups in Normal/High redundancy will prevent issues like ORA-15041 as the file extents needs to be mirrored across the disks. Also as Oracle distributes data based on capacity, so larger disk will have more data stored in it and which will result in higher I/O to disk and eventually can lead to sub-optimal performance.
Moreover having disks of different characteristic like varying disk speed can impact the performance.
When managing disks with different size and performance capabilities, best practice is to group them into disk groups according to their characteristics. So you can use higher speed disks for your database files while other disks can be part of Diskgroup used for Flash Recovery Area.
21)What is the maximum size of Disk supported by ASM?
ASM supports disks upto 2Tb, so you need to ensure that lun size should be less then 2Tb. 10.2.0.4 and 11g database will give error if you try to create a diskgroup with ASM disks having disk size >2Tb.
22)I have created Oracle database using DBCA and having a different home for ASM and Oracle Database. I see that listener is running from ASM_HOME. Is it correct?
This is fine. When using different home for ASM, you need to run the listener from ASM_HOME instead of ORACLE_HOME.
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