The index is a binary file (generally kept in .git/index) containing a sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA1 of a blob object; git ls-files can show you the contents of the index:

 git ls-files --stage
100644 63c918c667fa005ff12ad89437f2fdc80926e21c 0   .gitignore
100644 5529b198e8d14decbe4ad99db3f7fb632de0439d 0   .mailmap
100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 0   COPYING
100644 a37b2152bd26be2c2289e1f57a292534a51a93c7 0   Documentation/.gitignore
100644 fbefe9a45b00a54b58d94d06eca48b03d40a50e0 0   Documentation/Makefile
...
100644 2511aef8d89ab52be5ec6a5e46236b4b6bcd07ea 0   xdiff/xtypes.h
100644 2ade97b2574a9f77e7ae4002a4e07a6a38e46d07 0   xdiff/xutils.c
100644 d5de8292e05e7c36c4b68857c1cf9855e3d2f70a 0   xdiff/xutils.h

Note that in older documentation you may see the index called the “current directory cache” or just the “cache”. It has three important properties:

1. The index contains all the information necessary to generate a single (uniquely determined) tree object.
2. The index enables fast comparisons between the tree object it defines and the working tree.
3. It can efficiently represent information about merge conflicts between different tree objects, allowing each pathname to be associated with sufficient information about the trees involved that you can create a three-way merge between them.

The index is thus a sort of temporary staging area, which is filled with a tree which you are in the process of working on.

Rajesh Kumar

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